Analysis a case study with reference to Bolman and deal four frames

Analysis a with reference to Bolman and deal four frames - Case Study ExampleIn their work, Bolman and fill out (2003) found out an excellent approach in imparting both academic and entrepreneurial discipline in an individual professional. The balance upon attainment of these techniques results in good management qualities from an individual. The main target of the skills acquisition is to ensure a smooth transition from clinical practice into new management roles. This register attempts to summarize the Four Frames in order to make a highlight of the distinct qualities that an individual must(prenominal) adopt to perform effective double-deckerial roles.As a practicing clinician, one may feel the institutionalize of moving into a new position of a senior manager since it requires some skills to transform from an so-so(predicate) practitioner into a more specialized role of a senior manager. To achieve this new role, comeback and Horton (1999), confirmed that holistic leaders and desired characteristics thereof involves assumption of greater importance to academics. The said leadership requires engagement ability and diverse approach to solve the difficult decision making problem. The tasks and roles that the new manager has to face require enlightenment that will best be suited by the use of Bolman and Deal recommended variety of approaches (Curran et al 2003).As a clinician, to make the relevant transformation, one must stir the wit and adopt the best leadership and management practices as outlined in Bolman and Deal (2003) study. Caution and effrontery must be exercised. This is because some conflicts and relationship issues are involved as highlighted below.There are a number of conflicting issues involved as the clinician tries to adapt into the new unfamiliar managerial duties. These challenges have been classified ad into their respective Bolman and Deal Frames and possible solutions follow in form of qualities to adopt from Bolman and Deal (2 003) study.Conservative versus change conflict the manager

Investment Objectives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

investment Objectives - Assignment ExampleThe selection is as follows1)1-Year Government of Canada Treasury billsThe annual yield is 0.53%. It is a zero-coupon pose and thus bears no engagement. Investors receive the par value at the maturity date. It natesnot be redeemed beforehand maturity and does not have call provisions. It is issued by government of Canada, so it is considered almost risk-free as few imagine the Canadian government will default. But additionally, it has disadvantages which include Low returnNo periodic interest payments Low level of liquidity2)1-Year Government of Canada marketable bondsThe annual yield is 0.57%. sellable bonds are more liquid than Treasury bonds as they are transferable and can be interchange at a reasonable price. 3)1-Year BMO non-redeemable GIC with semi-annualinterest paymentThe semi-annually compounded rate is 0.875%. Compared to T-bills, GIC yields a higher return and pays interests semi-annually. Investors can enjoy fixed income s tream at each payment date. The principal and interest payments are guaranteed by BMO.4)1-Year Nova Scotia Bank non-redeemable GIC with monthly paymentThe semi-annually compounded rate is 0.775%. Investment into different banks helps dispersing business risk and makes the portfolio withal safer. For this reason, purchasing from more than one bank is better than purchasing only from BMO, despite of the lower interest rate offered by Nova Scotia Bank.

Social research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social interrogation methods - Essay lawsuitThese people were of different classes as well as encompassing other races. STUDENT EMPLOYMENT QUESTIONNAIRE decide the questions below appropriately. Note that comments are optional, you can write them if you wish. 1. What is your gender a. Male b. Female 2. Are bookmans qualified to balance education and work? a. Yes b. No a. Can work stress and academic stress subdue the students? b. Yes c. No 3. Is student exercise healthy for the students? a. Yes b. No 4. Can students be competitive in their unlike jobs without experience? a. Yes b. No 5. Which school students are allowed to enter the employment field? a. Primary school students b. amply school students c. College/university students 6. Does student employment help students pay their fees? a. Yes b. No 7. Are there limitations in student employment? a. Yes b. No 8. Does student employment contribute to their working experience? a. Yes b. No 9. Does student employment give stude nts extra money for enjoyment that can make them forget about their schoolwork? a. Yes b. No 10. Can work stress and academic stress overwhelm the students? a. Yes b. No 11. Do students find measure to study when employed? a. Yes b. No 12. Is there a job limit for the students? a. Yes b. No Reasons for Using uncomplicated Questionnaire Model This report used the above design of questionnaire called round-eyed questionnaire because it is clear and specific. ... se the questions are shut in in a way that an individual can no. ignore them in the sense that they are very simple and a person is only required to share his or her view through choosing between yes and no. The comment box is optional and it is only placed for those who love to explain themselves. The main reason I did not to use the other complex questionnaire is that several people could not respond to them since they need a lot of time for an individual to explain his or her views. Besides, this type of questionnaire w as the best to use because the subject of research is controversial in the sense that some people it while other does not. thitherfore, it is a good luck for the public to share their views through responding to the questions. Part B Micro-Level Data Analysis and Interpretation It is evident in the tables and graphs below that there are social-economic differences in health and lifestyle. wellness is examined in terms of General wellness Questionnaire (GHQ-12) while lifestyle behavior is examined in terms of social support in the society. GHQ-12 data was acquired from the 2004 Health Survey for England cohort (n=3705). The configuration equation modeling was employed to evaluate the robust of the one-dimensional design, the open best fit three-dimensional design and a one-dimensional design with retort bias. The best and desirable model that was employed was evaluated for standards error of measurement, reliability and free from discrimination. Questions and Answers 1. Are men mor e or little likely to have a high (over 4) GHQ-12 score? What does this indicate in relation to psycho-social wellbeing? There is no doubt that men are less likely to have high GHQ-12 score as compared to women. According to the 2005, Health survey conducted in England,

The History of the United States Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The History of the United States - enquiry Paper ExampleThe civil warfare arose when the US people fought over power, land. (Burke 12). The Southerners felt threatened since they were well-situated well in the break ones back trade. They feared the north might interfere with the growth of the trade which was booming at that time. It might be said with conviction that it is indeed slave trade that leads to the division of America into two, except thither are other reasons. At that time, the Southerners whose daily lifestyle relied much on plantation nation and could, thitherfore, not do without slaves and the slave trade. They wished that it could grow and even spread in the west. In the contrary, the northerners who were politically and economically doing well posed a threat to the Southerners. So for the survival of the union of the Ameri skunk state, it was necessary that the slave trade was not tempered with, only if left to grow (Burke 27). However, in 1860 when Abraham Lin coln became president, the union of American states came to a point where enough is enough. When he publicly made his intentions clear to stop growth of the slave trade but not slavery, he compelled South Carolina followed by six other American gray states to withdraw from the union. This lead to the Civil war that lasted for four years after the seven states united and named Jefferson Davis there president. On15th of April 1861 due to break up of the states there followed a lot of fights and states of unrest battles with the first reported relative incidence being on July 21st 1861. At this point nothing, much could be through with(p) to stop the war anticipated. President Lincoln gave a decree that soldiers be reinforced around Fort Caswell and Fort Johnson but was all in vain due to luck of cooperation from close to of the states like Missouri, North Carolina and Tennessee (Finney 33). There was some response to the presidents order from some companies from Pennsylvania who o ffered and provided soldiers on the eighteenth of April 1861. Between 18th and 19 of April soldiers managed a little to destroy points where weapons were kept in Virginia. At this juncture, President Lincoln articulate the closer of states belonging to the Confederate. When the soldiers of the Union dared to pass through the Confederate states, Baltimore soldiers went on a rampage as a retaliate gesture. This made Lincoln add more closure by including Virginia and North Carolina in the list of sates closed. On the 20th of April 1861, there was an attempt by the Federal soldiers to Attack Virginia among other states. However, there was help by the Confederates who happened to save a lot of valuable staffs making the Federal soldiers retreat. On the 7th 25th of April the same year there was more reinforcement in Washington DC. On 29th, an pick was held (Keifer 46). The governor was given the power to select commissioners by the Legislative body at Tennessee so the commissioners can be in accordance with the Confederacy. Voters who were supporting the re-evaluation of the conditions leading to the breakup of the United States Where amount of moneyed hand in hand by The North Carolina legislative body. In May 17th North Carolina and Confederacy join hands. The voting was only restricted among the legislative body, and the citizens were not allowed to participate (Long 77). Conclusion A lot of activities was done at the legislative level most of which were being decided by the power of the ballot box. In the war, many civilian lost their lives the national government became stronger

Talent Management In Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies (ADAT) Dissertation

natural endowment forethought In Abu Dhabi Aircraft Technologies (ADAT) - Dissertation ExampleThe research found that ADAT uses gift Management, but the process is in a nascent stage where the understanding and awareness about it is highly low, especially among the interviewed employees. ADAT has introduced several initiatives toward talents Management which included developing the Centre of Excellence for Recruitment and prophet Performance Management, but the organization appears to lack in an integrated and streamlined approach toward Talent Management. Moreover, the commission of the organization was revealed to be on recruiting external talent for its critical positions, which in turn led to employee dissatisfaction and demotivation indeed defeating the very purpose of Talent Management. The research recommends that ADAT develop a comprehensive framework for Talent Management that takes into account organizational structure and job positions, business goals and future pro spects, and employee relations into account. give in of Contents Chapter 1 substructure I.1 Background and Research Overview 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Research manners 1.4 Research Significance 1.5 Dissertation Outline 1.6 Conclusions Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definition and Overview of Talent Management/Human Capital Management 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Talent Management 2.4 Talent Management Models 2.5 Factors influencing Talent Management 2.6 Best Practices related to Talent Management 2.7 Challenges in Talent Management 2.8 Technical Talent Management and Airlines Industry 2.9 Future Outlook and Conclusion Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Philosophy 3.3 Research Approach - Inductive 3.4 Research Methods - qualitative 3.5 Research Design 3.5.1 Sampling 3.5.2 Data Collection Method 3.5.3 Data Collection Instrument 3.5.4 Method of Data Analysis 3.6 Reliability and Validity 3.7 Ethical Considerations 3.8 Conclusions Ch apter 4 Findings and Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Findings and Discussion 4.3 Conclusions Chapter 5 Conclusions and Discussions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary of Findings 5.3 Recommendations 5.4 Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research List of Figures and eludes Figure 1 Basic Model of inauguration Chaudhry, 2006 Figure 2 Factors Involved in Talent Management Figure 3 High refer Talent Management Figure 4 Competency Model of Talent Management Figure 5 Talent Management Blueprint Figure 6 Types of staff involved in talent centering activities, CIPD, 2006 Table 1 Managements cognizance of Performance and Potential Table 2 Employee Perception of Talent Table 3 Talent Management Program at ADAT Table 4 Employee knowingness of Career Progression at ADAT Table 5 Success Factors for Effective Talent Management Table 6 Effective Assessment of Talent Management Table 7 Current Status of Talent Management at ADAT Table 8 Challenges Faced by ADAT in TM implementation Table 9 Emp loyees Perception of Talent Management List of Appendices Appendix A Research Questionnaire References Chapter 1 Introduction I.1 Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the research and its background and develops the research questions. It discusses the research methods used to achieve the

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment Essay

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that the people in the past were lived in a society of producers however current people be living in a society of consumers. There are plenty of reasons for this change. Heavy industrialization, development of science and technology and the subsequent changes happened in the life styles and life philosophies of people are some of the major reasons for change magnitude consumerism. There is goose egg wrong in transforming our society from the production dimension to consumer dimension if such changes may not agent any harm to our environment. Unfortunately, environmental problems or destruction is directly proportional to the rate of increase of consumerism. In other words, along with the increase in consumerism, increase in environment destruction is also winning place. It is impossible for humanitykind to survive long if consumerism increases at its present rate. The effects of consumerism on th e Earths environment are loss of resources, increased pollution, and loss of energy. This paper analyses the causes of increased consumerism and its effects on environment. detriment of resources is the major effect of increased consumerism. It should be noted that population is growing at alarming order whereas the available resources in this world are being reduced because of increased pulmonary tuberculosis. Scarcity of drinking pee is a problem everywhere in this world. It should be noted that drinking water resources are difficult day by day even though the water levels in the sea are little by little rising because of global warming. There are plenty of people in this world who purchase goods serious for increasing their social status. Current consumers compare the goods in the hands of their friends, relatives and neighbours with the goods in their own hands and consequently take purchasing decisions. Such habits results in wastage of resources and over exploitation o f resources. Deforestation is taking place rapidly to find enough space for establishing industries. Nobody take care about the fact that trees or forests figure out an important role in maintaining the global climate suitable to living things. Deforestation results in big(a) climate changes and subsequently the life is this earth may become extremely difficult. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the environment whereas oxygen is good for the environment. Trees absorb ampere-second dioxide and liberate oxygen to this world. Thus, trees help the environment in maintaining a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Destruction of trees results in increased content of carbon dioxide in atmosphere which is not good for living things. All the living things in this world are interconnected each other in some ways. In other words, the existence or survival of the fittest of all the living things in this world is necessary for the sustainment of human life. The destructi ons of animals and birds may affect human life in many ways. For example, snakes are the enemies of rats. Killing or destruction of snakes may result in increased number of rats. change magnitude number rats means farmers may not get proper effect from their agriculture. In short, snakes are necessary to maintain the number of rats in this world to a particular level. However, climate changes and environmental problems are causing big destruction of animal life. There was a story in the newspaper saying that 37 percent of species could become extinct due to climate change (Mayell). Increased pollution is another effect of increased consumerism. Air, water and land pollution are caused by increased consumerism. It is already proved that atmospherical temperature is increasing day by day because of environmental pollutions and increased consumption of resources. Atmospheric temperature rise results in global warming. It would be difficult for mankind to live in this world, if the at mospheric temperature rises at its present rate. Automobile use is increased a lot in recent times. Automobiles

Budget vs Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) Essay

Budget vs Comprehensive Annual monetary Report (CAFR) - Essay ExampleThe budget portion within the CAFR comprises of what was predicted and correct what actually happened in ground of monetary expenditure and income. The CAFR even comprises of investments that the government has made and these investments are details in different categories and it even comprises of the ending balance of investments that occurred in prior years. On the new(prenominal) hand a budget rout out be regarded as a map created by the government and this map comprises of spending that might be made by different governmental organizations over a particular year (Hou, 2013). It comprises of both revenues as well as the expenditure that different governmental units such as schools, defense services and other units spend and collect over a particular year. These budgets are created while keeping in headspring the spending and revenues that were disbursed and collected by the governmental agencies in prior

Improwing Service Delivery in University of Derby Research Proposal

Improwing Service Delivery in University of Derby - question Proposal ExampleUniversity collaborations at all levels are important to delivering world-class research and strengthening the general contribution of the laboratories to the nations research enterprise. In addition, the interaction with university researchers increases the quality and impact of the user facilities and helps to improve them.b.) Project the undeniable security facilities and assistance that the university can provide to foreign and local assimilators. Other helpful facilities can take a university cafeteria, cultural book shop, mini grocery, wi-fi zones, sport facilities, and parking spaces. Since the investment is financially feasible, the dormitory could be built in the future.(i)To evaluate the benefits or otherwise of these facilities provisions to both the university and students communities. (ii)To critically analyse the strength of these facilities in the university communities. (iii)To suggest guidelines for improving and enhancing these services.Forte (2003) stated that some US colleges have adopted SEVIS in order to monitor and access current information on nonimmigrant students which is a way of protecting the precaution of the student body. Charles Fletcher Jr (2005) stated that the University of Delaware has built a comprehensive indistinguishability management infrastructure using Siemens HiPath surety solutions. The users adopt a credit card-sized SIcurity smartcards which manages the students access to both physical facilities and information systems. Another system, the MetaDirectory coordinates with on-campus database applications to ensure that identity information such as electronic access credentials, is always current. The system provides a single accuse of access that processes requests when enabling and revoking users security privileges. The smartcards provide tamper-proof storage for passwords and account numbers. With a single sign-on process, any st udent with an authorized ID and password can use the card to access the internet and applications on school computers.Coppola et.al., (2001) discussed the giving medication of the department of corporate security services for John Hopkins Medical Center in 1994. This in-house security team did a thorough

Amazon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

amazon - Research Paper ExampleHe reduced the list to just five products that he matt-up were most promising and they included computer hardware, computer discs, books, and videos. Bezos finally came to a decision that his company would be involved in failing books, because of the huge world-wide demand for the large number of titles that are available in form of print, literature and low price points for books (Chan, 2001).Initially, Bezos founded amazon in his garage in Bellevue, Washington. Amazon began as an online bookstore, which was an idea that was triggered off after conversation with John Ingram, formerly of Ingram Book (now called Ingram Content Group) alongside Patel Keyur who is tacit a major shareholder in Amazon. During its first 2 months in business, Amazon was able to sell to all the 50 states in the US and 45 other nations. Within just two months, Amazon had increased to $20,000 in a week. Whereas the usual mail order catalog and brick and mortar bookstores coul d offer and bestow around 200,000 titles, a store that is online could offer and carry many times more, because Amazon had almost outright virtual warehouse compared to the actual product suppliers and makers. Bezos thought of a name that would begin with an A since he wanted it to appear first in alphabetic order. He chose Amazon since it was a place that was disparate and exotic (Chan, 2001).Amazon.com can be referred to as an e-tailer, a company that carries out its retail business everywhere the internet. Amazon conducts all of its business on the web, and brick and mortar are not needed here.Amazon.com sells all types of products, from electronics, clothing, jewelry to food. This idea of carrying out business online is known as e-commerce or rather e-business. E-business is composed of the process of selling, buying, exchanging or transferring services, products or information via computer networks, such as the internet

Summary of chapter 8 - business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary of chapter 8 - business ethics - Essay ExampleThe look at provides the basic framework governing the reciprocal obligations between the employee and the firm. Underlying this reciprocal relationship are certain(a) ethical issues party truth and conflict of interest.a. Company loyalty is a long held concept. An employee is seen legally point of accumulation to be loyal to his/her employer, but extreme scan argues that an employee-employer relationship, which is based on self-interest, does not qualify for loyalty, since loyalty is based on a relationship that warrants unconditional sacrifice loyalty to loved ones or country. To view company loyalty as to safeguard and pursue the firms legitimate interest is chastely acceptable, but not morally required. To other employees, company loyalty could be a consequence of radical identification.b. Conflict of interest is another common problem confronted even by loyal employees, since basically employees and employers mould fr om different plane and perspective. This occurs when employees at any level have their own self-interest that collides with their job duties and as such could substantially provoke them to undermine their firms interest. Financial investments made by employees with the companys suppliers, customers or distributors are one of the most common sources of conflict of interest. Many cases of this type had been brought to solicit and had been proven detrimental to the interest of the company. Companies have their own policy regarding this to define what is permissible and impermissible. Since such policy affects the financial well-being of all involved, this should be subjected to open and free negotiations making it acceptable to all.2. Abuse of semiofficial position ranging from making subordinates take on tasks unrelated to the firm to the use of position for personal financial enhancement, privileges and advantage, always raises ethical questions, as this undermines employees obli gations

Value added Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Value added - Coursework ExampleAlthough some view this exporting of raw materials to be beneficial, it is in order to say that the value-added industries succumbs losses in terms of employment to the public. Value-added for working the raw materials allows for proceeds in the economy since it is considered efficient in comparison to export of the latter. If a company exports raw materials, as opposed to processing it themselves, the cost of the input is high due to the travelling costs, processing amounts and other expenditures at hand. In this case the value-added becomes low thus little efficient.Also, value-added for processing raw materials helps in the companys operations strategies compared to value-added for exporting the raw materials. This is seen in the amount of money that is saved within the company. Obviously, with the right equipment to process the raw materials to the final product, valuable costs are saved and so the value-added industry prevails. It is cost sound and reliable in terms of value-added for processing raw materials compared to value-added for exporting the raw materials.Time spent to in effect process the raw materials to a finished product is favourable to consider in adding value to the item. position this into consideration then we have that value-added for exported raw materials is low compared to that of value-added for processing the same raw materials since there is less time involved in production of the raw materials within a firm than to export them for

Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Management - attempt ExampleHigh Definition television aims to bring viewers closer to the reality when pursuing their deary shows and the global market for these sets is priced at billions of dollars. However, the next big thing in the television market in 3D technology which literally brings the characters on screen into the living rooms of the users. Though existing since the middle 1900s, the 3D technology had always been relegated to the realm of unnecessary fads. Attempts to popularize the technology were made in the 80s simply due to ineffective marketing, devices which did not perform as well as had been hyped and an extremely extravagant price well above the price point of the average consumer, the trend of 3D did not catch on. It was not until the release of blockbuster movies like Avatar, beautifully rendered in eye catching 3D and overdraw the best visual effects that technology could create that people finally began to see the value of 3D televisions. As th e claim increased, the industry responded by producing different types of 3D devices in large sizes which would be more appealing for families (Display Bank 2010). The boom in 3D televisions has been supported by subsequent networks and shows created for this audience, featuring popular dramas, sports reporting and movies which can be enjoyed in 3D. It is obviously an added expense but one that many people ar ready to pay for. The current situation and potential for growth The global market for 3D TVs is intercommunicate to exceed 200 million units by 2018, primarily driven by increasedconsumer engage, falling prices of 3D TVs, and the introduction of 3D standards (PRweb, 2012) The growth in the interest in 3d TVs has also been supported in turn by other forms of entertainment media and the changing preferences of the average consumer. People demand perfection from their digital media entertainment and want it to be synchronized with their hand held devices, all the time prov iding an enriching experience at score with real life. An important growth driver has been the penetration of high-bandwidth broadband services throughout households which can tardily connect all their devices and provide access to specialized content on demand, and it has become possible due to successful implementation of fiber-based high-capacity broadband connections which provide greater bandwidth speeds. Devices such as smart TVS, smartphones and tablet PCs are steadily becoming a part of the modern landscape and they provide the boost in consumer interest in having the best possible displays for these. The big names in the industry, Samsung, LG, Sony, and Panasonic entered the 3D format in 2010 after(prenominal) analyzing the huge potential that had been created for a new market. Currently the United States is the largest regional market for shipment by volume of 3D TVs and the Asia Pacific a close second it is also the fastest growing regional market for the product with v olume from the region waxing at a CAGR of about 122% during the analysis extent of a report compiled by Global Industry Analysis in 2012 for the market of 3D TVs (PRweb, 2012). another(prenominal) study published in Quarterly Large Area TFT LCD Shipment Report showed that for the US in 2011 there was massive increase of 104% in the number of shipments of 3D-capable HDTV displays to meet rising demand for the technology just within the

Cities and Social Difference Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cities and Social Difference - Term Paper ExampleThe concept of genialisation landscape today suffers a series of more enrichment and transformations, thus we drive the acquired character of culture and the abut of doing as headspring as attribution which culture is an instrument in the entire pick out and analysis of the complexity of the kindly contemporary societies (Gower, 1990, p. 45). Therefore, in this paper, I will engage with the large personate of mainstream sociological research which views landscape as being divided, segregated and patterned by inequalities in a measurable way and objectively defined way such as quantitative rate of urban residential segregation as well as inevitable boundaries that separate poor neighborhoods from gentrifying area. The next constituent of the paper is to analyze the landscape, economics, and politics identities. I also turn to look at the urban center highway as a site for the micro-social interaction patterned with structura l relationships of social difference and inequalities, Then in conclusion I present a more subjectivist perspective, which highlight the role of space in the social production of inequalities, at this point, the neighborhood is shown to act as both a cultural and a special form. The habitues of umteen residents in impoverished neighborhoods is seen as both a mechanism and a product for reproduction of closing off and poverty from mainstream society. Analytical review of city landscape Throughout time, social culture differences that have been moved(p) by a series of major events are identified as being essential in the process of evolution and shaping of spaces that exists today. In this context of two major forces of globalization and new economy, Los Angeles city has found a new way to survive and collaborate through creativity and technology. This particular revolution is referred to as social cultural moment, whereby, the past paradigms of social developments are replaced wi th new culture development, diversity and fragmentation. To find out the acquired character as well as present culture, we carried out a field break away analysis of the complexity culture and material concept of landscape in LA. Therefore, this paper shall discus the social differences expressed in the landscapes of contemporary Los Angeles. One of Americas iconic landscape, Los Angeles strip stretches from the south of Hollywood Hills, down town LA, all the way to the Pacific Ocean 18 miles in length. It cuts across different landscapes, residential areas, and commercial and entertainment amenities making it the diverse city that it is today. Without a doubt, a motor from Bell Air to downtown LA reveals the diverse physical landscape that clearly separates the various social segments from one part of the town to another. As the bus approached towards Beverly Hills, I could see the change in channel signs and signal structures. From Blue shabby signs to white crisp indicators, I was beginning to feel the contrast from campus already. The line up green trees welcomed us as we traversed into the residential areas. The huge houses, mansion to be exact, evidently said something most the people that resided within. With manicured lawns and polished driveways, these starters offered an exotic menu for the eyes. The aesthetic value attributable by these trees not plainly acts as beautiful scenery, but also as a natural heritage as well as for environmental nourishment as they make the climate to be cool and conducive for the residents as well as

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud Research Paper - 1

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud - Research Paper lawsuitThough there ar extensive chronicle rules and policies to control and monitor the books of accounts or financial statements, yet some amount of flexibility or freedom is allowed. In accounting, freedom of choice is necessary to append the efficiency of the accounting procedures However if companies want to use such methodologies for manipulating or inflating their earnings, then they can do so using productive accounting methods (Loughrey, 2011, p. 225). Earning guidance is a critical part of financial accounting because it provides information to the users of financial statements for interpreting and deriving conclusion about the performance of the fraternity. Creative accounting practices are such malpractices in accounting which whitethorn be legal and in accordance with the existing standards hardly may not be in line with the true spirits of the rules laid down chthonian accounting standards. In other words , when financial statements are prepared by the relevant managers of a company that is inconsistent with the purpose or intention of the existing accounting standards, then it is said to be a practice of creative accounting. ... counting one can use their discretion to choose their own preferred way of recording sales or turnover of the company, the method of depreciation to be used by the company, the method of valuation of inventory, etc. This type of flexibility cooperates the managers of a company to represent the true and pretty stead of the companys affairs and its earnings in the financial statements. Account Management accounting policies can be utilized by the managers of a company to accomplish the objectives of the management of the company and may not fulfil the essential requirements of the users. It can thus be used as a pricking that can be managed and not as a means to provide true and fair view of the company. Interests of Managers In theory, accounting inform ation should provide relevant information to the users which can be used by them for various decision making process. Whereas in practice, earning management is more for the interest of managers rather than for the benefit of its users. plan Literature Review Earnings management is a term which acts as a substitute for creative accounting. Trying to manipulate the earnings which are reported by the managers of a company, by taking help of some specific accounting process, is termed as earnings management. The company does so to influence its earnings in a short-term horizon (Coenen, 2009). Earnings management makes use of accrual accounting. However, the main issue regarding this is that it becomes in truth difficult to differentiate between regular accrual accounting and earnings management (Larcker, & Tayan, 2011, p. 164). Now since management has discretion in earnings management, it can lead to fraudulent activities like wrong representation of info in the financial statements .

The New Nissan Versa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New Nissan Versa - Essay ExampleLogos is the use of reasoning to construct an argument. Advertisements, for pillow slip, make logical appeals in their presentation. The object of rhetoric analysis is a conference that makes the principles of rhetoric analysis similar to those of discourse analysis. Rhetoric methods are applicable to objects like cars, castles, and computers among others. The aim of rhetoric is to persuade, appeal, motivate and inform specific audiences in particular situations.The video Nissan Versa 2012 Test Drive & Car Review by RoadflyTV with Emme Hall presents a inspection of the Nissan Versa 2012 with the goal of getting the readers to see how one can save on fuel as they drudge the car. At the exterior of the car, there is a steel spare wheel and temporary spare tire, within mounted spare tire, all season tires, and four-wheel covers. The interior calculate seats are ergonomic in that the drivers seat is adjustable, covered with elegant clothes. The car also has bucket front seats. The roof has intermittent wipers and rear defoggers. there is also an air conditioner that makes the interior very comfortable. The new Nissan Versa has a maximum cargo capacity of 14.8 cu.ft. It has a rear trunk spoiler, chrome trunk accent, and splash guards. There is a gas-based type of engine with four inline cylinders. It has an EPA mileage, stability and traction control, electronic brake force distribution and emergency interior trunk release. On entertainment, there is a mast antenna, two speakers, and single CD player stereo and auxiliary MP3 audio input. The car also has a carpeted floor and trunk mats, light up kick plates and auto-dimming rearview mirror.In order for the presenter to effectively get her message across, she has used many strategies. An example is the use of didactic tone that makes the listener sound like a credible and experienced one creating a sense of superiority for herself and the reader.

Integrating software applications in cloud-Enabled Enterprises Research Proposal

Integrating software applications in cloud-Enabled Enterprises methodological analysis - explore Proposal Example2. To implement software applications that enabled BYOD in the Enterprise domain. 3. To implement pledge protocols for BYOD devices that concern the needs of Enterprise frame working This chapter develops a look methodology for pursuing the objectives. The chapter includes research methods region that identifies the proposed methods for implementing the study, research design, and role of the researchers, the studys facilitators, research participants, and instrumentation for the study. The section also discusses validity and reliability of the selected information hookup instruments, info collection procedure, proposed data analysis approach and pilot study for the research. Research method The descriptive study proposes a mixed research approach for investigating its objectives. The method leave behind be explored through field study. It integrates qualitative and quantitative techniques and has the advantages of minimizing weaknesses of each of the techniques and optimizing the techniques strengths. Its advantages and its correspondence to the scope of the research vindicate its source. Data that is collected in quantitative techniques reflect on the actual value in an circumstance and not a researchers perception. ... Such data ordain inform needs in organizations computing systems and consequences of such needs towards development of optimal incorporated systems with suitable software applications and desirable security measures. Research design Experimental design is proposed for the studys quantitative approach. Blocked design will be used. It involves observation of data from partitioned sample space and suits the scope of the study that seeks data on features of integrated computing systems that can co-exist with an enterprises network, information on software applications are compatible with BYOD in an organizations network, an d security protocols that are suitable for BYOD in an enterprises network. Qualitative data will be collected based on participants experiences. The research design is predetermined and is therefore fixed. routine of the group members The group members will assume active roles in the research process. The groups roles began with appellation of the researchs title and scope, investigations into the studys background information, and development of the research problem and research objectives. The groupalso assume the role of developing and implementing the research methodology. After data collection, the group will analyze the data and document research findings and recommendations to stakeholders to the study. Facilitators The group will also be facilitators of the study, will facilitate data collection processes, and technical aspects of data analysis and documentation of the studys findings. Participants The study will involve common chord categories of participants, employees o f

Dophus Raymond Essay Example for Free

Dophus Raymond EssayIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the people of Maycomb are prejudice. According to them, the only way a gabardine man would be able to equivalent a black man more than than a washcloth man is if he was an boozer or had some type of dysfunction. This applies to the majority of the people in Maycomb. Dolphus Raymond, however, is not part of this stereotype. He doesnt have a dysfunction and only jeopardizes to be an alcoholic. Mr. Raymond is both feel for and sly. When Dolphus Raymond sees Dill get by out of the courthouse crying, he tries to comfort him and military service him feel better.This shows that Dolphus Raymond is caring. Dolphus Raymond then c alones Dill to come to him and says, Here, offering Dill his paper sack with straws in it. Take a good sip, itll quieten you. (Lee, 200) This shows he is caring because he gives Dill some of his Coca-Cola to help him. Mr. Raymond reaches out to Dill when he is crying to help him feel b etter. Then, after Scout asks wherefore he pretends to be an alcoholic he says, Wh-oh yes, you mean why do I pretend? . Some folks dont- standardised the way I live. Now I could proficient say to hell with em, I dont care if they dont like it.I do say I dont care if they dont like it, right enough-but I dont say the hell with em see? (Lee, 200) This shows that correct though people dont like the way he lives, he still pretends to be an alcoholic for people to latch on a reason why he lives the way he does. Also, even though its fake, he gives them a reason to understand why he lives a definite way.. Dolphus Raymond is sly as well. When Scout finds out whisky isnt in the sack she says, You mean all you discombobulate in that sacks Coca-Cola? Just plain Coca-Cola? Yes maam, Mr. Raymond nodded. (Lee, 200) He pretends to drink whiskey to help people latch on a reason why he likes blacks more than whites.Dolphus Raymond pretends to drink whiskey, but everyone else is the town think s it is whiskey. People dont understand his ways, so they just blame it on his drinking because they dont understand how he could like a black man more than a white one. He walks around pretending he is drunk. When I came into town, which is seldom, if I weave a little and drink out of this sack, folks can says Dolphus Raymonds in the clutch of whiskey-thats why he wont change his ways. (Lee, 200)People think he has poor judgment because he pretends to be drunk, so they believe he wont be able to change his ways. He is withal acting like an alcoholic and like a drunk, so people can have a reason to understand why he lives his life the way he does. Dolphus Raymond isnt an alcoholic or a drunk. He shows how caring and sly he is when he talks to the kids outside the courthouse. The people of Maycomb just cant understand his reasoning concerning blacks and whites. They expect him to live prejudice like them. He has to pretend to be disorderly, so people can have a reason for his actio ns and preferences.

SPECIAL PROBLEM IN OFFICE MANAGEMENT Essay Example for Free

SPECIAL PROBLEM IN OFFICE MANAGEMENT EssayRelative Standing directly from the Past to Today criteriaa.) Nations piece of CapitalDefinition of Sh ar Capital bills raised by issuing contends in return for cash or some other considerations. The amount of share capital a company has displace counterchange over time because each time a business sells new shares to the everyday in exchange for cash, the amount of share capital will increase. Share capital can be composed of both common and preferred shares.Gross Domestic harvest-time (gross domestic product)The GDP is m whizztary survey of any goods and services produced in a nation during a minded(p) time period, usually one year. Basically, its a tally of of all timeything bought for money during the argumentation of a year. Consumer purchases from a candy bar to a car are counted in the GDP. When business buycomputer, farmers sell their crops, or a corporation exports goods overseas, the transaction all increase the G DP. Government spending, whether for a highway or a new bomber, also contributes to the GDP.Gross guinea pig Product (GNP)It is an additional measure of the size of the economy. It is the market value of final goods and services purchased by households, by government, and by opposed in current year. It uses slightly several(predicate) criteria than GDP, and GDP is more often used for comparison of a nations frugal emanation against that of other countries.GDP and GNP in the Global EconomyDue to factors such as technical advances, of trade barriers, and expansion of international financial markets, the worlds economies are more interconnected than ever before and the weakness of one can affect the health of them all. An internal crisis that affects the financial health of one state of matter can send shockwaves around the world.Most government of the world maintains a national report system that compiles various measures of economic activity. There is even a set of internatio nal guidelines, the system of National Accounts, which provides on measuring GDP and other key statistic.In gain approachSum the income received by all producers in the inelegant.Production approachEstimating the Gross values of Domestic output in various economic activities. Determining the intermediate consumptionDeducting intermediate consumption from domestic value to obtain the discharge pass judgment of domestic output.Comparing GDP of Different NationsWhen computing GDP, nations use their local currency. In order to contrast itto the GDPs of other countries, it must be converted to a common currency.Converting value of currency, however, whitethorn result in an incomplete understanding of the true worth of money on a foreign nations economy. The same goods and services do not the same amount in every ground. In addition to consumeing how much local currency equal in U.S., dollars one should ask how much value of a dollar will buy in the country.Expenditures Approach to Calculating GDPThe expenditures Approach to calculating GDP by summing the four possible types of expenditures as followsGDP = Consumption+ enthronement+Government Purchases+Net ExportsConsumptionThe largest components of the GDP, consumption are calculated by adding durable and non-durable goods and services expenditures.investment fundsInvestments in fixed assets and increases in inventory.Government PurchasesEqual to the government expenditures less government transfer payments (welfare, unemployment payouts, etc.)Net exportsExports minus imports. Imports are subtracted since the GDP is defined as the output of the domestic economy.There are ternion approaches to calculating GDP-Expenditure approachCalculated the final spending on goods and services.-Production approachCalculate the market value of goods and services.These three approaches are equivalent with each rendering the same result.Per capita incomeThe fancy of international divergence refers to difference across count ries due to differences in per capita income among them. This concept of inequality takes as the unit of analysis, countries (nations) and, implicitly, omits intra-country income differences among its citizens. There are several methodological considerations involved in cross-country comparisons of per capita income the exchange rates used in the comparisons (observed or purchasing power parity), the source of income data (survey-based or national accounts), etc.An important methodological issue, pertinent for assessing the empirical recent evidence on the evolution of international inequality is how to weigh countries to compute an proponent of international inequality. One procedure unweighted international inequality is to assume that all countries count equally (in an analogy, a sort of UN General Assembly concept in which one country is one vote).Another concept is to weigh countries by population weighted international inequality. Here a more populous country (e.g. China) co unts more than a small country (e.g. Luxembourg) when making inferences about the welfare level of the representative soul in the world economy. Another concept is world inequality. Here the unit of analysis is the citizen of the world sooner than countries. The concept of world inequality treats, in principle, all individuals in the world the same and ranks them from the poorest to the richest, regardless their country of origin (Milanovic, 2001). An index of world inequality can be decomposed as the sum of international (between countries) inequality plus national ( indoors country) inequality plus an overlapping component or residual (Yitzhaki, 1994). In other words, the distribution of income (welfare) of an individual of the world is the outcome of distributional patterns within the country he/she lives and the distribution of income of his/her country with respect toother countries (plus the overlapping term or residual).National inequality, say the disparity of the distribut ion of income within a country, provide the bridge between international and world inequality. The determinants of international inequality are the forces generating several(predicate) rates of growth across countries that, over time, generate (important) differences in per capita income, living standards and levels of development across nations. In turn, national inequality depends on factor prices, ownership of productive resources within countries, demographic patterns, technical change and macroeconomic cycles. Of course, several of these factors can affect also international inequality.Health disquiet ServicesAlthough predicated on the premise that the global concept is new, it actually had its origins in the late 1800s. Religious foreign commissioning groups snarl it was their spiritual calling to tend to the sick and afflicted in poor countries (Schroth Khawaja, 2007). The religious work of missions was nearly linked to medical checkup work. These missionaries believed that the services they provided were designed to reduce humanity misery and suffering, thereby elevating the status of divinity fudge in the minds of community. Mission hospitals and mission doctors served as important points of entry of Western medicine into other countries, and were the hub of medical knowledge and practice. Private health fretting facilities were established as part of the charitable mission.Even now, medical mission groups, such as Doctors without Borders and Heal the Nations, provide charitable medical care to the developing world. Subsequent innovations in healthcare gather in made it possible to bring longanimouss from other countries into US hospitals for care that is not operable in their home country.Specialists from US hospitals may also be utilized in countries that have no such physicians. For instance, Operation Smile, an international medical humanitarian organization, has a presence in over 50 countries (Magee, 2009). Their focus is surgical t reatment of children with cleft lip and palate while providing the necessary medical prep for local medical volunteers that will result in self-sufficiency for these communities. Oftenpersons travel to the US to cancel delays in care due to long lines and waiting periods experienced in other countries that may have universal coverage.Telemedicine is the exchanging of patient information through the Internet or cybertechnology. This susceptibility allows healthcare professionals to communicate patient status regardless of distance (Goldbach West, 2010). Telehealth and teleconferencing have been used extensively for consulting with other professionals as well as reaching patients who live in rural or remote areas. The most popular electric charge globalization has taken is in the area of medical tourism.This aspect involves patients choosing to leave one country for other in order to seek quality specialized care or major surgery at a reduced cost (Keckley Underwood, 2007 Gold bach West, 2010). Countries such as India, Singapore, and Thailand provide care such as cardiac surgery, joint replacements, and reconstructive surgery at significant differences in cost. For instance, in India, a person can have cardiac surgery for approximately $25,000 less than the cost in the US. Along with the medical care provided, these locations offer a vacation-like atmosphere. Another feature that encourages the use of medical tourism is the availability of medications and technologies that may be experimental in some countries but readily available in others.Because of the cost differential, some personal insurers also offer incentives to utilize medical tourism as a means of penetrationing health care services. Although medical tourism has led to knowledge development on a worldwide scale, concerns remain as to quality and liability. However, despite these concerns, entities such as medical tourism have the potential to increase knowingness of illness and disease proc esses. This knowledge could be empowering to developing countries.Since the early 1990s, over 48 million people have been displaced due to the environmental crisis and its health related impact (Toole, 1995). HIV rates are change magnitude both in the US and abroad, infecting nearly 25 million people. Other diseases such as atomic number 65 and cholera have developed into drug-resistant strains proven difficult to treat, thus increasing the disease transmission rates. It is predicted that by 2020, heart disease willbecome the leading cause of disease an disability followed by depressive disorder and traffic accidents (Murray Lopez, 1996). Poverty has been found to be a leading predictor of health disparities. More than 25 pct of the worlds population lives in poverty. This economic burden results in decreased access to necessary and affordable healthcare. Public and private healthcare expenditures worldwide equal about 8 percent of the worlds economic output (World Bank, 1993).Lif e ExpectancyAs noted at the starting signal of this chapter, globalization is here to stay even if it benefits just one set of nations of the world. However, that does not mean that it is fair, justifiable, and that its course cannot be altered. On thing remains clear Most citizens of this world realize the injustices and are inquire the major powers and corporations that benefit from the system to ensure that the planet is the ultimate winner, bringing an end or decrement to inequities or disparities, especially in health, the theme of this chapter, and provide the means, the knowledge, and the empowerment they subscribe to politically, economically, and environmentally to live check lives.This chapter has argued, and many others have done, that one of the most potent sticks through which to measure the objectives and the success of the phenomenon we have come to call globalization is the extent to which health and health care systems function for the extension of life antici pation and access to quality health care services.One can argue that, in the final analysis, globalization and its acclaimed successes are interdependent on peoples health. Health concerns and priorities dominate our lives and without it, life is almost meaningless, as it is for many who carry the burden of disease, especially when this condition can be easily alleviated, as is the solecism with many infectious and communicable diseases in the developing world. According to Okasha (2005) The process of globalization has clearly both minus and positive results and is likely to create both losers and winners. Globalization has promised to grant the world instant communication, fast and cost-effective means of travel, a widened access to technology, cross-border cultural interaction and globalized approaches to environmental issues. However, it also entailsderegulation of commerce and the being of supernational political and economic bodies. As a result, the gap is widening between societies that enjoy knowledge, technology and the ability to control events and others which are still backward, ignorant, frustrated, helpless and unable to follow progress and selfactualization (Okasha, 2005). The public responseIt is encouraging, however, that the dark of the system has not gone unnoticed. Labonte Torgerson (2003) remind us that the WTO has actually been under fire from social and human rights activists, the United Nations, civil society, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and even from the European countries themselves, which created it at the Uruguay Round of Talks on the General reason on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTOs level playing field, with different rules and treatment, is pushing many of these countries into deeper health-compromising poverty. Its negotiations to open public services to trade will hasten their privatization, with loss of access for the poor. In other words, the health inescapably for most inhabitants of this planet appe ar gloomy for the foreseeable future.Looking toward solutionsWhat is the solution? The intent of our chapter was not to utilize solutions to the problems of globalization but to provide an overview of what the phenomenon and its system have done to the health of many people of the world, currently reflected in the existing health disparities or inequities that have prevented them from enjoying access to quality health care, life thrift knowledge, reasonable income, clean air, clean water, sanitation, land, and gainful employment. In order to reap the benefits of globalization, say many experts, we need novel approaches to international cooperation that place national self- fire in the context of global mutual interest to promote international cooperation and goodwill (Frenk and Gomez-Dantes, 2000 Pang Guindon, 2004).ReferencesThe Impact of Globalization Determinants and the Health of the Worlds world Mario J. Azevedo and Barbara H. JohnsonSchool of Health Sciences, Jackson Stat e University, Jackson, Mississippi, USAGlobalization for Development Trade, Finance, Aid, Migration and Policy Golding Kenneth A. Reinert

Barrier is something Essay Example for Free

Barrier is something Essaywhole 18 What is barrier? A barrier is something that gets into the elbow room or items another thing from happening. As we all know, communication is an extreme complex progress. And if one person finds it hard to understand subject or to write or even speak effectively about it, that person cannot be sure that his/her pith has been received exactly. This loss of meaning which may block communication is often called Barrier. There are 3 main ways in which communication can be blocked 1. If a person cannot see, hear, or receive the message2. If a person cannot make sense of the message3. If a person misunderstands the messages1. mortal cannot see, hear, or receive the message. Visual disabilityHearing disabilityEnvironmental problems (noise)Speaking from too furthest2. someone cannot make sense of the message. Different language are being purposed, including sign language wad using different terms, such as slang internet or text jargon virtuoso o f the speakers has physical or intellect disability, such as memory loss or learning Dysfunction.3. Person misunderstands the message.Cultural difference different cultures interpret non-verbal and verbal and humour, in different ways Assumptions about pile assumptions about race, gender, disabilities etc. can lead to stereotyping and misunderstanding Emotional Difference, real angry or very happy people may misinterpret what is said think about sarcasm Social oppose conversation and non-verbal messages understood by close friend may not be understand by strangers.Physical barriersA physical barrier to communication Is something in the surrounding that stops the person from communicating with other. For example if the place where the conversation is held may be noisy. Impairmentsvc some people will sportimpairments that can stop them from communication for example if they are unable to see,hear,or talk. Emotional factorsEmotional factor can affect the way we communicate with oth ers for example, lack of support /lack of trust, afraid,feeling happy,feeling sad,low self-estee/ or over/under confident. Different languageSome people may not speak the same language as you and therefore you may have difficulty understanding each other JargonJargon is when people use technical words. The use of jargon can be confusing for other to understand.

Segmentation method used by LOreal Essay Example for Free

Segmentation method used by LOreal EssayIn The Crisis, No. 1, an article written by Thomas Paine in 1776, there are some(prenominal) literary tools. This Article speaks of how the colonists need to stand up and fight for themselves against Britain and gain their independence. Three invents of vocabulary that Paine uses in order to convince the colonists that this is necessary were pathos, choice of words, and logos. The most prevalent literary tool, also form of ornateness in this document was Pathos as Paine uses a lot of emotion to connect with his target audience. I call not upon a hardly a(prenominal), precisely upon all not on this state or that state, simply on every state, shows how he uses pathos to arouse a feeling of patriotism or unity. Paine seemingly tries to connect with the audience through feelings of connection with each member of their society. He also often uses the record book we to show how he is just wiz of them, another simple colonist who wants to break free from Britain. He ensues fear in the colonists through God, the devil, and how they would be slaves if the British kept ruling over them.Paine says that if they kept performing so naive then the British would come over and kill them. Another obvious literary tool that Paine uses is diction. He uses many thought provoking words that allow people to think much about the topic at hand. suffer the calamity of devils represents a form of Paines diction. The word misery evokes great emotion in regular people as they could have been through some form of misery, such as being under control of Britain, giving them a greater understanding of the word.To go even further, it being the misery of devils makes it an even greater misery and more(prenominal) disturbing to the public, giving them thoughts of what a devils true misery might be. The use of the word suffer in this quote, as well, brings even greater understanding and fear as it is a harsh word. All of these words unite dly bring a jarring tone of misery, giving great emotion and feeling to the colonists. The final and to the lowest degree evident literary structure Paine uses in this document is logos as there are few forms of logic.Throughout the writing, there are a few times where Paine uses actual reason over emotions, but enough times that it stimulates thought on the colonists part. We did not make a proper use of drop dead winter, neither could we, while we were in a dependent state. However, the fault, if it were one, was all our own We have none to blessed but ourselves, shows Paines thoughts on an actual problem that happened. He speaks about how it was the colonists, including his own, fault for what happened, no one elses, stating the blunt truth.This makes the colonists think and recount on what they have done and what they can do to fix it. Overall, Paine uses many literary forms in this document, allowing the colonists to think more about what they should do, and evoking emotions of disgust and hatred toward Britain. This article pushed the colonists more toward abstracted to be free of Britain and to not be slaves to them. They wanted to break away and gain their independence more due to this document and Paines way of writing this. Al of the language he uses, from pathos to diction and to logos, Paine ensued hope into the colonists for a better, more free future.

Food production Essay Example for Free

Food return EssayThere are staggering numbers of people all over the world who engender hunger. Many people believe that hunger is caused by the insufficient supply of provender. More importantly, it is assumed that due(p) to the large population of the world, an inadequate amount of nutrient is produced. However, this is a completely false assumption for as Robbins said, There is enough food in the world to feed 120 percent of the worlds population on a vegetarian diet. (Robbins, p. 178) This fact then brings about the promontory, if there is enough food, then wherefore do so many people go hungry?The answer lies in the economics of food deed. Food is now a capitalist commodity. Therefore, the production of food must be seen as the production of any other market commodity. Food production is not driven by planetary need, it is driven by market requirement. As Robbins mentioned, Food production is not determined necessarily by the global need for food it is determin ed by the market for food. (Robbins, p. 186) Looking at food production from this post will reveal the factors that affect the production of food.The market for food refers to the number of people that have the center to buy and pay for food. However, since a large segment of the population lives in poverty, there are very(prenominal) few people who can afford food. Since it is bespeak that determines the amount of food to be produced, the lower demand translates to lesser food production. Producers do not want to produce at a maximum direct because it will mean an over-production. This will result to lower prices and ultimately lower productivity.Another factor that affects food production is the fact that farmers tend to use drink down to produce non food crops such as tobacco plant and corn as well as for crops that are marginally nutritious. (Robbins, p 186) The choice of what crops to plant relies on what the market demands. For instance, farmers tend to prioritize plan ting coffee for there is a large global demand for this. Coffee produced in agricultural countries in Africa is not necessarily for local consumption it is produced because the more pie-eyed nations demand it.Farmers consider the profitability of producing certain crops and coffee production is considered to be more profitable than veg production. Another example is soy bean. Soy bean is not as nutritious as vegetables. However, since there is a market for this crop in the more developed countries, farmers tend to plant this rather than vegetables. A more concrete and evident example of how market demand drives food production is the production of beef. Robbins discussed why Mexican farmers tend to concentrate on beef production.People in Mexico go hungry because land is devoted to the production of beef, which few Mexicans can afford, precisely which brings high prices in the United States. (Robbins, p. 186) The rationale roll in the hay this is that food production is driven by the demands of the markets that have the bills to buy food. There is no question that there is enough food to feed the world. Hunger cannot be attributed to the inadequate amount of food. Hunger is a result of an economic problem. Lack of food on the plate is a result of the lack of money to buy food. Food production is no longer determined by the need for it by everyone.It is driven by what people who have the means to buy food demand and want. Food has become a commodity rather than a necessity. The solution of the problem of hunger lies not in production but in distribution. As Robbins (p. 187) said, Rather than seeing hunger or famine as a also-ran of production, we can focus on a failure of distribution The goal is simply to establish, reestablish, or shelter entitlements, the legitimate claim to food. Reference Robbins, R. (2007). Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. 4th ed. Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon. pp 177-187.

Assessment and Learner Essay Example for Free

view and prentice EssayThis discussion newspaper is erupt of a series being published and disseminated by the post of the Queensland School political plat skeletal frame Council. The purpose of this series is to encourage discussion on various issues concerning judgment and reporting. teacher thoughtfulness is one of several types of opinion techniques recommended by the Council in its Position and Guidelines on Assessment and report for Years 1 to 10 and in its syllabus documents for the key tuition aras. Other mind techniques accommo period consultation, foc utilize analysis, peer judicial decision and self- estimate. The Position and Guidelines state that Observation involves teachers in observing pupils as they enrol in planned activities. instructor card occurs continu onlyy as a natural part of the encyclopedism and didactics process and finish be used to gather a broad mountain range of teaching about learners ostensoriums of larn outcomes (p. 16). Teacher none has been valued as an important assessment technique in the lower uncomplicated school, un little has in the past received less wariness in later(prenominal)(prenominal) year levels.Secondary schools especially have favoured black-tie testing and structured assessment tasks rather than in place honoring, although thither has been rough movement towards in-situ musing in most subjects in recent years, level(p) in the senior years. The Councils Position and Guidelines and syllabus documents elevate teacher reflexion to a to a enormouser extent prominent position in the range of assessment techniques that teachers might use. Other techniques have been identified as consultation and focused analysis as well as peer and self-assessment.Focused analysis includes to a greater extent levelal assessment procedures much(prenominal) as club tests and set tasks. However, these categories of assessment techniques ar not ineluctably distinct. For example, as this paper explains, observation may be employed in association with focused analysis, especially where what is let outd is school-age child capital punishment on a set task. This discussion paper is not an prescribed policy statement of the Council. Rather, it represents the views of the author, Dr Graham maxwell, of the School of Education, The University of Queensland. As such, it offers a person-to-person perspective on the issues.Dr Maxwell has been involved in research and consultation on assessment for m any years in Australia, the States and UK, ranging over all sectors and levels of education. He has taught courses and conducted workshops on assessment for pre-service and in-service teachers for 30 years. He has also been involved in recent Council deliberations on assessment and reporting. The audience for this discussion paper is professional educators, especially schoolteachers and administrators who must grass with assessment and reporting habituate in scho olrooms and schools.Such people already know a great deal about assessment and reporting theories and practices, and this discussion paper builds on that knowledge. The hope is that the discussion paper leave aloneing serve as a basis for professional debate, development workshops and collaborative planning. troika The representation of the Council would be pl expertnessd to have your reactions to and comments on the discussion paper, as well as any examples of ship bearing in which the discussion paper may have helped to clarify or resolve any theoretic or realistic problems you are facing in the implementation of Council syllabuses.These reactions, comments and examples would assist the Office of the Council in deciding what further assistance it might be subject to provide on these issues. JE Tunstall Director Queensland School Curriculum Council October 2001 iv CONTENTS Preface Introduction Arguments for valuing teacher observation Collection and dischargeing of essay proviso for teacher observation Factors affecting hardness of teacher observations and what to do about them 1. Prejudgments and prejudices 2. Selective perception 3. Providing inadvertent clues 4. In assume proof 5.Inconsistency Conclusion Some useful addresss on teacher observation iii 1 2 5 7 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 v Teacher Observation in learner Assessment INTRODUCTION Teacher observation is one of the assessment techniques recommended in the Position and Guidelines on Assessment and reportage for Years 1 to 10 of the Queensland School Curriculum Council (the Council). For the implementation of Council syllabuses, assessment is seen as involving a variety of school-based (teacher-enacted) techniques for profiling student reflexions of scholarship outcomes.Teacher observation, that is, observation of a student by a teacher, is one of those techniques. It can be used in conjunction with another(prenominal) techniques. 1 Teacher observation has been accepted readily in the past as a legitimate source of information for go ining and reporting student reflections of accomplishment outcomes in early childhood education. As the student progresses to later years of schooling, less and less attention typically is presumptuousness to teacher observation and to a greater extent and more attention typically is given to formal assessment procedures involving required tests and tasks taken under explicit constraints of context of use and time.However, teacher observation is capable of providing corporeal information on student demonstration of learnedness outcomes at all levels of education. For teacher observation to stand to valid judgments concerning student learning outcomes, read strikes to be gathered and put down organizedally. Systematic multitude and recording of evidence requires preparation and foresight. This does not necessarily destine of that all aspects of the process of observation motivating to be anticipated but that the salu te taken is deliberate rather than happenstance.It is infallible, at least, to know in advance both what kinds of learning outcomes are anticipated and how evidence impart be recorded. Adequate records are essential for good assessment. Teacher observation can be characterised as two types incidental and planned. parenthetical observation occurs during the ongoing (deliberate) activities of teaching and learning and the interactions between teacher and students. In other words, an unplanned fortune emerges, in the context of classroom activities, where the teacher observes some aspect of individual student learning.Whether incidental observation can be used as a basis for formal assessment and reporting may depend on the records that are kept. aforethought(ip) observation involves deliberate planning of an hazard for the teacher to observe specific learning outcomes. This planned opportunity may occur in the context of regular classroom activities or may occur through the set ting of an assessment task (such as a practical or instruction execution practise). 2 1 2 Other possibilities for collecting evidence by observation exist, including observations by another teacher, observations by other students, and student self-observation.This paper concentrates on teacher observation and does not consider these additional forms of observation. Ultimately, the teacher must judge the validity and relevance of all forms of evidence, so these substitute forms of evidence involve similar principles of assessment to those applicable to other forms of evidence, including teacher observation. Classroom should be construe liberally. It may include settings outside the school, such as field excursions, public presentations and work experience.What matters is the presence of an assessor, typically the teacher, to observe and record the suit. 1 preaching physical composition on Assessment and reportage ARGUMENTS FOR VALUING TEACHER observance Teacher observation i s an important but underutilised assessment technique. It is sometimes argued that teachers are unable to make appropriate and dependable assessment judgments from observations of students in natural settings. The table (below) details some of the claims of this viewpoint, together with some germane(predicate) rebuttals.Handled carefully, teacher observations can provide important evidence for assessment judgments. In some cases, they provide the sole(prenominal) way of obtaining evidence about particular learning outcomes, especially those involving practical techniques, performance activities, real look projects and radical work. Table 1 Arguments against teacher observations and rebuttals of those purposes Arguments against teacher observations Lack of representativeness Students may not demonstrate all relevant learning outcomes in natural settings.They may know or know how but the context may not prompt them to demonstrate this. Lack of observation Teachers may not observe the demonstration of a learning outcome when it occurs, either because their attention is els ewhere or because they fail to recognise it. Lack of fancy of influences The student can derive unintended cues and prompts from the setting, even from the teacher, and these can be unnoticed by the teacher. Student performance may then be mis readed. Lack of stock(a)isation any students do not meet the same tasks under the same conditions.Teacher judgments of student demonstrations of learning outcomes are therefore undependable. Lack of objectivity Teacher judgments are inhering and prone to inconsistencies. Too much is left to the discretion of the teacher. Possibility of stereotyping inwrought judgments put up the possibility of stereotyping of students in terms of other performances or characteristics. Possibility of bias Subjective judgments yield the possibility of conscious or unconscious bias for or against particular individuals or groups.Rebuttal of those arguments encyc lopaedism outcomes that have not been demonstrated can be deliberately prompted. Assessment should be planned as well as incidental. Teachers can ensure that assessment is comprehensive. Over time, teachers have many opportunities for observation. It is not vituperative if particular opportunities for observation are missed. Some observation is deliberate and focused. No single occasion is fitting for judging a students demonstration of learning outcomes. Multiple opportunities and a variety of contexts stick out cross-checking the robustness of the students performance.Quality requirements for teacher judgments are evidence-based and defensible. Tailoring and adaptation allow optimum student performance and holistic reading material of the evidence (taking contextual factors into consideration). All assessment involves chronological successions of subjective decisions mechanistic marking schemes reflect earlier design decisions. Procedures to strengthen and verify teacher judgm ents can be introduced. Stereotyping is not inevitable. Each assessment occasion can be approached as a fresh opportunity to test hypotheses derived from prior impressions.Conscious bias is unethical. Unconscious bias requires constant vigilance. It is uncorrectable for bias to endure evidence-based justification to students and their parents (a form of accountability). 2 Teacher Observation in Student Assessment An important argument in post of teacher observation is that teachers have access to a rich and diverse range of evidence on student learning outcomes from observations of their students and that the capability of teachers to collect and interpret this range of evidence should be respected.Otherwise, a rich source of evidence on student learning outcomes is being ignored. In any case, the issue is not whether teacher observations should be used since they are necessarily used informally during teaching but how teacher judgments can be strengthened and improved so that they can be used for formal purposes, especially for reporting and certification. A strong justification for using teacher observation in assessment is its capacity to enhance assessment validity.By extending the range of thinkable assessments, teacher observation allows assessment to be more comprehensive ensuring recognition of all coveted learning outcomes, especially those not assortedly assessable than in classroom contexts connected situated within familiar learning contexts and closely cogitate to curriculum frameworks, learning experiences and pedagogical planning contextualised sensitive to the effects of context on performance and etymologizing assessment evidence from a variety of situations and occasions authentic interesting, challenging, worthwhile and meaningful to students holistic emphasising relatedness and connectors in learning and involving performance on complex wholes rather than separate members.All of these characteristics can be back up a s important for high quality learning and assessment. Assessments with these characteristics have better representation of, clearer relevance to, and stronger consequences for lovable learning outcomes.Appropriate representation, relevance and consequences are often now recognised as the requirements of valid assessments. past tense practice in assessment, specially in secondary schools, has not accorded much recognition to teacher observation for formal purposes. Some people have argued that while teacher observation is necessarily a component of classroom teaching, a clear distinction should be do between informal and formal assessment. For example, some educators argue that assessment situations should not be confused with learning activities. 3 This draws also firm a distinction. Certainly, there should not be strong accountability for first attempts. Also, reports acquire to signal the progress make by students at the time of reporting.However, a firmdistinction between assessment situations and learning activities stems from over3 This is argued by Caroline Gipps in her book, Beyond Testing Towards a Theory of Educational Assessment, The Falmer Press, London, 1994. 3 Discussion Paper on Assessment and Reporting concern for comparison and ranking. Where the aim is to map the students visibility of demonstrated learning outcomes, standardised comparison is not the issue.The question is merely what justifiable evidence is there for concluding that the student has demonstrated a particular learning outcome. This does not require students to be tried under controlled and artificial conditions.An alternative vision is one where assessment becomes incidental to and indistinguishable from learning activities. This allows for the strongest connection between pedagogy and assessment and, as already argued, a strengthening of the quality of the learning and the validity of the assessment. It can be argued that unless there is a strong connection between pedagogy and assessment, the assessment will be disembodied and discriminatory, that is, unconnected to any means for improving student learning and privileging students with existing ethnic capital. Such an approach focuses on the students best performance over time and value the progress they are making (similar to personal best in athletics).Howard Gardner puts it this way Rather than being impose externally at odd times during the year, assessment ought to become part of the natural learning environment. As much as possible it should occur on the fly, as part of an individuals natural engagement in a learning situation. Initially, the assessment would have to be introduced explicitly but after a while, much assessment would occur naturally on the part of student and teacher, with comminuted need for explicit recognition or labelling on anyones part. As assessment gradually becomes part of the landscape, it no longer of necessity to be set off from the rest of classroom activ ity. As in a good apprenticeship, the teachers and the students are always assessing.There is also no need to teach for the assessment because the assessment is ubiquitous indeed, the need for formal tests might atrophy altogether. 4 4 Assessment in context The alternative to standardized testing, in B. R. Gifford M. C. OConnor (Eds), Changing assessments Alternative views of aptitude, achievement and discipline (pp. 78119), London, Kluwer, 1992. 4 Teacher Observation in Student Assessment COLLECTION AND RECORDING OF EVIDENCE All assessment requires the collection and recording of evidence of student learning. For the implementation of Council syllabuses, it has been recommended that the evidence focus on the demonstration of learning outcomes. Evidence is documentation that records, illustrates or confirms student demonstrations of learning outcomes.Collection and recording of evidence is necessary for two reasons accountability justification of the assessment judgments and ver ification confirmation of the assessment judgments. Accountability and verification are key factors in assuring the quality of assessments. Accountability (justification) means being able to explain and asseverate assessment judgments to students, their parent(s) and other teachers. Verification (confirmation) means being able to revisit the foundations for assessment judgments being able to check their completeness, relevance and veracity.Teacher observations are primarily sended at the observation of events, performances and activities. In some cases, an artefact may be produced as a consequence of the event, performance or activity.In other cases, no artefact is produced and the event, performance or process iself is the sole focus of attention. An artefact is something constructed by the t student, for example, a worksheet, a piece of writing, a design, a painting, a composition, a webpage in other words, a product of some kind. Teacher observation is not primarily concer ned with the artefact itself but with the way in which the artefact was produced, that is, with the process.5 Evidence of process, whether or not there is a resultant artefact, may involve either direct record or written record. These two types of record have antithetic characteristics. A direct record keeps a trace of the event through an audio-recording, a video-recording or a sequence of photographs.The activity or event might be, for example, a speech, a dramatic presentation, a group activity or a practical task. The term trace emphasises that the record is not the same as the event itself. At best, it allows some features of the event to be represented and recalled. Some features of the event may be lost, such as the feel of the occasion or the spark between presenter and audience. Some features of the event may be filtered or distorted by the medium of recording, for example, through positioning and handling of the 5 In some cases, a sequence of artefacts may be produced and these may provide a industrial record of stages of production.These could involve, for example, a sequence of written drafts, initial designs, trial compositions, or tentative frameworks. In this case, the artefacts indicate milestones of development towards the final product. It is important to keep the total sequence of artefacts, together with annotations about contextual factors, such as the way in which the student has made use of comments and suggestions, so that a complete explanation of what the student has done can be made. 5 Discussion Paper on Assessment and Reporting recording device. It is important, therefore, to realise that such a record offers only partial representation of the event. Nevertheless, such traces are better than having no record at all.A written record can take the form of an observation sheet or a logbook (diary of events). Observation sheets can be more or less structured at one extreme they turn out checklists of learning outcomes at the other e xtreme they contain broad categories for writing on-the-spot comments or annotations and in between these extremes is a combination of them both.6 A logbook provides a record of critical incidents or key comments (sometimes referred to as an anecdotal record) for verity of recall, entries need to be made as soon after the event as possible. The students name and the date also need to be clearly recorded. A sequential collection of such records is sometimes called a running record.When keeping an observation sheet or a logbook, written entries can be (relatively) high inference or (relatively) low inference. High inference means that a judgment or interpretation is made, whereas low inference means that the specifics of the event are described (without any attempt to interpret what they signify).Thus, using a checklist of core learning outcomes would involve high inference, whereas providing a descriptive account of student performance without direct reference to core learning outco mes could involve low inference. In the latter case, judgments relating to the demonstration of learning outcomes can be delayed until a variety of evidence has been store.The advantage of low inference observations is that they are more objective or transparent and can provide a closer-to-the-event basis for later verification the specifics of the event are more easily accessible. The advantage of high inference observations is greater ease and efficiency in record keeping, but the specifics of the event are not then retrievable from the record.It is possible to record both a judgment (high inference) and a description (low inference), thus retaining some of the benefits of each. Descriptive accounts can include written commentary on student performance under specific headings on an observation sheet critical incidents or significant events recorded in a logbook and key performance features recorded in a logbook.Critical incidents and significant events are particularly noteworthy instances of the demonstration of particular learning outcomes (or the lack of it), especially those observed for the first time or demonstrated in a particularly dramatic or unexpected way. Key performance features are salient features of an observed performance whether or not they are particularly critical, including evidence that strengthens or confirms early judgments relating to student demonstrations of learning outcomes.When an artefact, direct record or descriptive account is kept and placed in the students assessment portfolio, the artefact, direct record or descriptive account can be referred to again at a later time in order to retrieve the specifics of student performance. This allows assessment judgments to be delayed until a convenient time or allows assessment judgments to be 6.Rating scales are not mentioned here since supreme distinctions of quality are not part of the assessment position espoused by the Council. However, the sequences of core learning outcomes (a rranged in levels along a developmental continuum) provide quasi-rating scales. It is a matter of convenience and style whether a sequence of core learning outcomes is characterised as a quasi-rating scale (showing where the student is positioned along the developmental continuum) or simply an expanded checklist (showing which core learning outcomes the student has demonstrated). 6 Teacher Observation in Student Assessment verified on a subsequent occasion, for example, for purposes of moderation.It is difficult to verify written records of judgments without an accompanying artefact, direct record or descriptive account as a reference point. 7 Table 2 thick of types of teacher observation evidence Focus on product keep artefact(s) Focus on activity record process Direct record (trace) o Audio-tape o Video-tape o Photographs Written record o Observation sheet Checklist (high inference) Description (low inference) o Logbook Description of critical incidents Description of key performance features PLANNING FOR TEACHER OBSERVATION Teacher observations cannot be useful without planning. Different types of evidence require different types of planning.An essential requirement forall types of evidence is anticipating the kinds of learning outcomes that may be demonstrated. This is particularly important where observation is incidental and where judgments (rather than descriptions) are recorded. Council syllabuses provide a framework of learning outcomes that serve as the perceptual reference points for recognising the characteristics of student performance. The framework of learning outcomes makes available to the teacher concepts and language for recognising and describing what a student knows and can do. instruction the structure, language and concepts of the framework therefore is a key aspect of planning for teacher observation, as it is too for teaching.Incidental observation necessarily involves little additional planning, apart from the normal planning of classroom learning activities for students. Incidental observation is opportunistic, 7 Where there is no supporting evidential record for the judgment, verification of the judgment is strictly impossible.The record of judgment needs to be considered in the context of other evidence collected from different times and events. Where it corroborates other evidence, the judgment is strengthened. Where it contradicts other evidence, more evidence may be needed. Ultimately, the clog of evidence is what matters. Other evidence could include the judgments of other observers, that is, other records of judgment of the same event.7 Discussion Paper on Assessment and Reportingcapitalising on revelations of student learning during regular classroom learning activities. In this sense it cannot be planned. It is essentially unanticipated. It can only be recorded through descriptions in a logbook.Although there may sometimes be an artefact to provide corroboration for the teachers observation, any process details depend on teacher description. Incidental observation is therefore the weakest form of teacher observation and would preferably be used only as supplementary evidence to support other forms o evidence. f Relying on incidental observation alone would be unsatisfactory (see caveats below).Planned observation can involve planningfor in situ observation (in learning situations) or planning for set assessment tasks. There is little to distinguish these two situations in practical terms. However, as assessment becomes more important, particularly in Years 8 to 10, students may need to know when they are being assessed, since they may otherwise choose not to show their actual capabilities. Absence of demonstration of learning outcomes might not indicate incapability of demonstrating those learning outcomes but lack of appropriate repugn or opportunity. Formal assessment occasions would appear to become more important in the secondary school than in the primary school, at least for the present.8 For all planned observations, whether in situ or set tasks, thought needs to be given to how the event and/or the observations will be recorded. Consideration needs to be given to whether a direct record will be kept and what form of observation record will be made. The validity of teacher observations is strengthened by preparing an observation sheet that allows systematic recording of observations and judgments. An observation sheet may include checklists of learning outcomes and/or categories for describing student activities and performances. Learning outcomes might be made more explicit by listing their elaborations, components or criteria, that is, by providing more detail on the characteristics of the desired learning outcome.The advantages of prepared observation sheets include opportunity to share learning expectations with students in advance cost increase of student self-monitoring and self-assessment clarification of the desired learni ng outcomes to guide learning focus on the desired learning outcomes to guide teaching cuing of attention to the full range of relevant learning outcomes having available an explicit and standard recording format ease of recording of student performance characteristics structured means of providing feedback to students. 8 In the long term, taking up Howard Gardners vision (see footnote 4), a more natural approach to assessment would require that classrooms become more like normal work environments.This does not necessarily mean that the student (as the worker) is under constant surveillance but that there areopportunities to demonstrate their capabilities in situations that really matter (but are preferably authentic rather than artificial). The necessary shift in assessment practice to support this is from one-off testing to progressive demonstration of best (sustained) performance. Reformed assessment practice would place more onus on the student to demonstrate the desired learnin g outcomes (and to indicate when they think they are doing so) together with specific invitations to students to demonstrate their level of development in relation to sequences of learning outcomes of change magnitude complexity.8 Teacher Observation in Student AssessmentDisadvantages of prepared observation sheets include the need to allow for several levels of learning outcomes on a single sheet it can be difficult to anticipate all the learning outcomes that might appear it is possible that other serendipitous learning outcomes will be missed students learning may be constrained by listed learning outcomes. The disadvantages are outweighed by the advantages.They can be overcome, in any case, by careful design of the observation sheet, tailoring it to the underway stage of student development, and allowing space for additional observations to be recorded. Observation sheets should be used as a tentative organising structure for recording teacher observations rather than a li miting framework for the actual observations. pose also needs to be provided on the observation sheet for including descriptive details of the context. These details need to include any characteristics of the setting or the occasion that could have influenced the students performance, either positively or negatively, and that might be relevant in making a judgment about whether the student has demonstrated particular learning outcomes. The details can be physical (e. g. , uncomfortable surroundings), psychological (e. g. , personal attributes in stressful situations) or social (e. g. , other events in the life of the school or the student). by dint of all of this, it must be remembered that any written recordof observations is necessarily selective. Only certain features of student performance are likely to be noticed and can be recorded. Therefore, having a clear agreement and ready access to the framework of expected learning outcomes is essential. One technique for reducing the cognitive demands of on the fence(p) observation is spotlighting. This means targeting specific learning outcomes (across several levels of a strand) on particular occasions.This has the added advantage of ensuring systematic coverage of all relevant learning outcomes. However, it should not be pursued so religiously that evidence of other learning outcomes outside the spotlighting target is ignored. 9FACTORS AFFECTING VALIDITY OF TEACHER OBSERVATIONS AND WHAT TO DO roughly THEM Teacher observations will be valid to the extent that the evidence is appropriately recorded and interpreted, that is, whether the recorded evidence accurately represents the observed student performance the interpretation (judgment) of this evidence is justifiable. Accurate recording requires transparent and artless perception of the students performance.Justifiable interpretation requires careful consideration of what the students performance signifies, in terms of learning outcomes, taking into consi deration any factors 9 Margaret Forster and Geoff Masters discuss spotlighting in Performances Assessment resource kit, Camberwell, Victoria, Australian Council for Educational Research, 1996. 9 Discussion Paper on Assessment and Reporting that may have influenced the performance.The use of the term justifiable here emphasises that there may not be a single unequivocal interpretation of the evidence but rather that the interpretation should withstand challenge as being reasonable and defensible. There also may be a requirement that the interpretation be consistent with the interpretations of other teachers. 10 The following discussion covers some factors that can affect the accuracy of the recorded evidence or the justifiability of the interpretation or both.